On july 9, 2011 the republic of south sudan became an independent statethe 193rd country in the world and the 54th member of the african union. A civil war immediately began between the southern areas and the islamic government. Following its independence in 2011, three years of civil war have left south sudan on the cusp of fullscale genocide, with its sovereignty discredited by warring elites, asserts a new. Sudans postindependence history has been dominated by political and civil strife. Most commentators have attributed the country s political and civil strife either to an ageold racial and ethnic divide between arabs and africans or to colonially constructed inequalities. The early history of sudans third civil war dissent. Aug 06, 2018 1978 oil discovered in unity state in southern sudan second civil war. Two civil wars and the formation of one of the world s newest countries still hasnt prevented more. The second sudanese civil war lasted from 1985 through 2005, and was fought primarily between forces aligned with the northern, khartoumbased government against those aligned with the southernbased rebels, and within the southern rebel movement.
It broke out in 1983, between the sslma under its then leader john garang and the ggos, taking place for the most part in southern sudan. This is a list of wars involving the republic of sudan. Up to 2,000,000 people ha ve died as a result of the second sudanese civil war. Aug 06, 2018 south sudan gained independence from sudan on 9 july 2011 as the outcome of a 2005 agreement that ended africa s longestrunning civil war.
It was largely a continuation of the first sudanese civil war of 1955 to 1972. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely nonmuslim, nonarab southern sudanese. In the 1980s and 90s, the second sudanese civil war separated. Bishop calls for churchwide day of prayer and fasting for an end to. Nov 15, 2008 this book is a comprehensive investigation, discussion, and analysis of the origins and development of the first civil war in the sudan, which occurred between 1955 and 1972. Displaced south sudanese in bentiu, south sudan, last year. Sudanese civil war, then again in the second sudanese civil war from 19832005.
Here s a look at the road the fledgling nation has. Aug 07, 2015 the second sudanese civil war lasted from 1985 through 2005, and was fought primarily between forces aligned with the northern, khartoumbased government against those aligned with the southernbased rebels, and within the southern rebel movement. Here are 11 books you can read to help you get a better grasp on the. Years of tension over gazing rights between the native groups fur, massaleet and zaghawa and the arab nomads in the area have been a major prelude to the war. Years of international efforts to bring an end to decades of conflict by helping to negotiate the. Although it originated in southern sudan, the civil war spread to the nuba mountains and the blue nile. I enjoyed it because it gave me insights into the current crisis and why the south sudanese still find a reason to continue to fight not only the sudanese but also fighting among the tribes in south sudan. The first civil war ended in 1972 but another broke out in 1983. Although it originated in southern sudan, the civil war spread to the nuba mountains and blue nile. The worlds largest exporter of gum arabic, sudan produces 7580% of the worlds total output. Conflict in south sudan and the challenges ahead congressional research service summary south sudan, which separated from sudan in 2011 after almost 40 years of civil war, was drawn into a devastating new conflict in late 20, when a political dispute that overlapped with preexisting ethnic and political fault lines turned violent. Sudans prolonged second civil war and the militarization. Learn about the civil war in south sudan, sanctions imposed by the united states and europe, and other recent developments on cfrs global conflict tracker.
Photojournalists account displacement of sudan s second civil war. The second civil war and the rise of the splam 1980s2005. While you wait get immediate ebook access when you order a print book. Africa sudan the world factbook central intelligence. Sudans prolonged second civil war and the militarization of. Home his00 history africa general his037080 history modern 21st century art015100 art history modern late 19th century to 1945 learning through negotiation. Douglas johnsons the root causes of sudan s civil wars was an informative and interesting read.
My holistic treatment of the first civil war is intended to assist in a full understanding the root causes of the second civil war in the sudan, which lasted another twentytwo years from 1983 to 2005. Sudan s postindependence history has been dominated by political and civil strife. What was the true reason for the second sudanese civil war. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. His book, militarization, gender and reproductive health in south sudan, was published in 1998. Why did sudans first civil war, which aimed at secession, result in a form of semiautonomy, and why did the second civil war fought in the name of. No outsider has a closer or more cleareyed view of south sudans rebel movement. The second sudanese civil war god grew tired of us. Many arabs see the blacks as inferior and of a different religious belief for which they have been taught by imams to have little or no respect so part of the problem is how is islam is promoted or force. Sharon elaine hutchinson is associate professor of.
Sudan s prolonged second civil war 129 with whoever is leftis the attitude that appears to dominate much government thinking about the problem of the south. Secondary school students in sudan have either studied the history of kenya and uganda, or the history of north sudan since no history book for south sudan has existed. Almost immediately a sixteen year civil war began, ending with autonomy for the south, which devolved into chaos. Jul 08, 2011 on saturday, after decades of civil war and almost two centuries of rule by outsiders, south sudan will finally become an independent state.
When the history of sudans third civil war is written, most will judge that the precipitating event occurred on may 21, when the khartoum regime seized the contested border area of abyei. As a black southerner and a member of the dinka, a group targeted by arab slave traders, jok brings an insider s perspective to this highly volatile subject matter. Johnson examines historical, political, economic, and. Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the sudanese pound, following south sudans secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Born out of brutality, south sudan, the worlds youngest. It lasted for 17 years and then started up again in 1983. South sudan forges unity government in bid to end civil. The period between 1955 and 2005 is thus sometimes considered to be a. These children and teens, who set off across the country in search of stability. In the 1980s and 90s, the second sudanese civil war separated thousands of nuer and dinka boys from their families. Sudan northsouth conflict jewish world watch jewish. The role of the splma in ending sudans second civil war by malual ayom dor. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force. The war started in southern sudan but spread to other places including the nuba mountains and the blue nile region.
Near east, near orient publish your bachelor s or master s thesis, dissertation, term paper or essay. In this book, she provides an unparalleled insiders account of south sudans descent from the ecstatic celebrations of july 2011 to the outbreak of the disastrous. Sudan s postindependence history has been dominated by long, recurring, and bloody civil wars. Why south sudan won the war but lost the peace washington post. The second sudanese civil war was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central sudanese government and the sudan people s liberation army. Jan 15, 2019 the most definitive account yet of americas debacle in south sudan and the south sudanese civil war. The sudans second civil war began in 1983 and ended in 2005. Less than a year after the old greater sudan split into the northern republic of sudan and the new republic of south sudan or north and south sudan, for claritythe two countries were again in a state of war. It lasted for 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars on record. Most commentators have attributed the countrys political and civil strife either to an ageold racial and ethnic divide between arabs and africans or to colonially constructed inequalities. The root causes of sudans civil wars douglas hamilton. Sudan trek of returning refugees after the war, bbc, 14 june 2005. The second sudanese civil war 19832005 facing pressure from islamists in sudan, in 1983 president nimeiry made the decision to abolish the souths semiautonomous government, consolidate power in khartoum, declare arabic the official language, and institute sharia law throughout the country even the primarily christian and animist south.
During the second civil war its estimated that over two million people died. Based on repeated visits to sudan from 1998 through 2004, war and faith in sudan leads to a deeper understanding of the cultural, racial, and. The people of south sudan have been deliberately starved in different parts of the country for ethnic and political reasons, and sexual violence against women and men as a weapon of war is. Most commentators have attributed the countrys recurring civil war either to an ageold racial divide between arabs and africans, or to recent colonially constructed inequalities. This weeks post in the series enough 101 looks at a brief history of sudan since the states independence in 1956 through the signing of the cpa in 2005, which ended the nations second civil war.
In south sudan there are a total of 64 different ethnic groups. Second sudanese civil war project gutenberg selfpublishing. Other minor rebel groups include the shilluk, bari, zande, balanda etc. The great challenge for christianity in the sudan, especially in the southern part of the country, is closely linked to the civil war between sudan s north and south. In the root causes of sudan s civil wars, douglas h. The south sudanese civil war was a conflict in south sudan between forces of the government and opposition forces. At this particular moment, the main parties involved in the ongoing civil war are troops of president salva kiir representing the government and the opposing forces are of former vice president machar. However, the agreement that ended the first sudanese civil war s fighting in 1972 failed to completely dispel the tensions that had originally caused it, leading to a reigniting of the northsouth conflict during the second sudanese civil war, which lasted from 1983 to 2005. The second civil war ended with the signing of the comprehensive peace agreement that was put. My sixyear experience 1983 through 1989 of the second civil war in sudan had farreaching effects. The best books on sudan five books expert recommendations. Jul 26, 2019 peter martells book on south sudan is a mustread.
South sudans conflicts have become a carousel of violence pitting rival elites from. Dec 20, 20 sudan s civil war, which raged from the 1980s until a peace deal was brokered in the early 2000s, marks the longest war ever to take place on the african continent. Douglas johnson s the root causes of sudan s civil wars was an informative and interesting read. More than 20,000 boys of the nuer and dinka ethnic groups were displaced or orphaned during the second sudanese civil war 19832005. Ending south sudans civil war council on foreign relations.
The darfur crisis, esther pan, council on foreign relations. An estimated 383,000 people have died as a result of south sudans civil war, according to a new report that documents the. In december 20, president kiir accused his former deputy riek machar and ten others of attempting a coup detat. Second civil war 19832005 sudans second civil war started as a continuation of the first civil war. Young prophetically warned of south sudans fate in his last book. Second sudanese civil war simple english wikipedia, the. Included in this study is also a government offensive against the nuba mountains, which is part of. Violence, insurgency and failed peacemaking by john young.
In the first booklength study of the south sudan civil war, john young draws on his close but critical relationship with the rebel splmio leadership to reveal the. The second sudanese civil war was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central sudanese government and the sudan peoples liberation army. Southern units of the sudan peoples armed forces were forced to serve in the. The war resulted in the independence of south sudan six years after the war ended. The book may also be of interest to academics, politicians, historians and college and university students as well civil society groups such as churches, youth and womens groups. And for most of its history its been locked into a civil war between the north and the south, which defined conflict in the country. The early history of sudans third civil war dissent magazine. Katherine almquist knopf, director of national defense universitys africa center for strategic studies, discusses the ongoing violence in south sudan and policy options for ending the civil war. Although it started in southern sudan, the civil war spread to the nuba mountains and the blue nile. This war has raged intermittently since 1955, making it possibly the longest civil conflict in the world. Made up of the 10 southernmost states of sudan, south. The collision of cultures, religions and ethnicities in sudan including those of subsaharan africa and those of the arab islamic world have led to nearly 50 years of civil war. A brief history of the civil war in south sudan comboni.
It was the culmination of ethnic, racial, cultural, religious, political, and economic problems that had faced the sudan since the turcoegyptian conquest of the country. Two civil wars and the formation of one of the worlds newest countries still hasnt prevented more fighting. The second sudanese civil war was an intense 22year conflict between the central government in khartoum and the sudan peoples liberation army spla. As a black southerner and a member of the dinka, a group targeted by arab slave traders, jok brings an insiders perspective to. A summary term paper advanced seminar politics international politics region.